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Laryngeal Cancer and the Railroad

About one-third of all head and neck cancers are laryngeal. They are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Men are more likely to develop them than females.

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Perchloroethylene

Tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene (PERC), is a chemical manufactured that's used in dry cleaning textiles, degreasing metallics and the manufacture of other chemicals. It's also found in numerous consumer products, including spot and paint removers water repellents, printing inks glues, wood cleaners and suede protectors.

In short-term exposure, PERC can cause irritation to the skin, eyes and nose. It is also a suspected cancerous substance, which can irritate your larynx. Long-term exposure to high levels of PERC can cause respiratory problems including pneumonia as well as liver cancer.

Exposure to PERC can occur when it is released into the air through dry cleaning processes, or when the clothing is contaminated and thrown away after being cleaned. People can also be exposed by inhaling it from liquid spills or vapors. It can also be introduced into workplaces and homes via groundwater, soil or from the process of vapor intrusion.

ATSDR and EPA have information on the health effects of exposure to PERC. The dangers of PERC depends on the level as well as the frequency and length of exposure. It is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream following inhalation and exposures through oral routes in humans and animals. The most frequent target tissues for PERC are the central nervous system, kidneys and liver. It can also affect color vision.

ATSDR does not assess the risk of exposure to PERC of the general population through streams, rivers, or drinking water. Biosolids, disposal routes and other environmental laws are expected to address these pathways.

Diesel Exhaust

The risk of developing lung cancer for railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust fumes is higher. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified diesel engine emissions as a class one carcinogen. It places it in the same class as asbestos, arsenic formaldehyde and benzene as well as fine silica.

Diesel fuel fumes may contain substances that cause laryngeal cancer and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). These chemicals are produced when oil, coal or gasoline are burned, and are present in diesel exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke. PAHs have no safe level of exposure, therefore they must be avoided at all costs.

In studies on animals, mice that were exposed to filter or unfiltered diesel exhaust had increased tumor rates compared to those who were not exposed it. They also showed histopathological changes within the nasal cavity and other organs such as the pharynx, trachea esophagus, forestomach, glandular stomach, liver, kidneys and adrenals, spleen and lungs.

Trains and buses, trucks, farm and construction equipment, and generators all use diesel engines to power them. Excessive exposure to exhaust from diesel engines is a problem for many types of railroad workers, particularly those who work with locomotives. Anyone who is exposed to these fumes are susceptible to developing various lung diseases, including COPD. This can be made worse by smoking cigarettes, which further increases the risk of respiratory problems and other health issues triggered by exposure to diesel exhaust fumes.

Asbestos

Asbestos, a carcinogen, can cause railway workers to develop laryngeal cancer. This toxic substance is no longer employed by the railway industry but is still present on electrical panels and pipe insulation, is still present. It can also be found in the inner lining of brake shoes on trains.

A number of large cohort studies have proven that exposure to asbestos increases the risk of laryngeal cancer. These studies have generally provided some evidence for a dose-response relationship, although the results can differ. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has released a new report that confirmed the existence of a link between asbestos and laryngeal carcinoma.

The Institute of Medicine (an independent health arm of the National Academy of Sciences) has also affirmed that asbestos is a significant factor in laryngeal carcinoma. These findings have bolstered the evidence that asbestos is a carcinogen.

In addition to cancer, asbestos exposure can result in a variety of other serious health problems. These include pleural effusions, which are the accumulation of fluid in the pleura, or the lining of the lung. These problems can affect airflow and make it difficult to breathe. Inhaling diesel engine fumes and fumes may aggravate these conditions.

Asbestos, diesel exhaust, and other toxic substances can cause respiratory problems in railway workers. These conditions can decrease the quality of life for railway workers. An experienced asbestos lawyer can help injured railroad workers get compensation for the damage they've suffered.

Beryllium

Beryllium is a metal found in nature, particularly in the minerals bertrandite and beryl. It is one of the lightest metals and offers many beneficial properties such as high strength, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity and resistance to fatigue and corrosion. These qualities are used in a myriad of products. This includes transistors, aerospace components and nuclear reactors, as well as golf clubs. The majority of exposures to beryllium that cause health issues happen during the process of making beryllium.

Like asbestos beryllium is carcinogen that could cause lung cancer. It is also a cause of serious illnesses such as chronic berylliosis. Chronic berylliosis which is a chronic granulomatous disorder that causes inflammation of the lungs as well as other organs of the body, is a chronic granulomatous illness. It is similar to sarcoidosis, Bnsf railway multiple myeloma and often difficult to identify. It is difficult to treat and could lead to death.

Sensitization can also be triggered by exposure to beryllium. People who are sensitive to beryllium might have symptoms such as sneezing, and wheezing. However, not all employees who are exposed to beryllium experience sensitivity.

Workers who are exposed to beryllium at the workplace must adhere to hazard-control measures. If this isn't possible the steps should be taken to minimize exposure using the hierarchy. These could include isolating or enclosing processes that expose workers to beryllium.