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Kidney Cancer in Canada

Kidney cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer that is found around the world. The kind of kidney cancer you suffer from and the stage when you are diagnosed will determine your future outlook.

In earlier studies that examined observational data in previous studies, the rates of KCa were twice as high among Indigenous Canadians when age-standardized. However, a shortage of research has focused on the patient experiences in relation to KCa management.

Background

In 2017, Canada was home to an estimated 6600 new cases of kidney cancer and 1900 deaths. Risk factors for kidney cancer are male sex, and the age of 60. Other risk factors include smoking, diabetes high blood pressure weight gain, and family history.

GBD employs data from vital registration systems, cancer registry reports and other sources to create an ensemble model of the causes of death. This model employs a linear step mix-effects technique to link the observed data to a variety of covariates that include demographic characteristics, healthcare quality and access, and geographic and socioeconomic context.

The model then multiplies incident cases by independently modeled mortality-to-incidence ratios to obtain age-adjusted rates for all countries. Kidney cancer is the 10th most prevalent cancer type in the world. Its death rate is higher than that of other major neoplasms. In 2017 it caused more than 3.3 millions DALYs to be lost in the world.

Incidence and mortality rates are available for all 195 countries. They are categorized by age, sex and according to the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI).

Previous studies have suggested that the incidence of rccc is twice that of non-Indigenous Canada9. These differences could be due to different risk factors or different patterns of tumor development. This study compares the results and appearance of rccc in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians using data from a national cohort.

Methods

The most common form of kidney cancer in Canada is renal cell carcinoma. RCC is treated with chemotherapy drugs that target the tumor cells and impede the spread or growth of the cancer. Treatment options also include surgical procedures as well as other ones such as radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation.

The outlook for a patient's life is contingent on the stage (how big the tumour is) and the severity of their tumor. The better the outlook, the better the severity. The stage of cancer will determine if it has spread past the kidney. This will impact the treatment that is best for you.

Treatment decisions are based upon a patient's personal preferences and goals and also the history of their health. This includes other diseases and conditions, such as high blood pressure as well as heart disease, diabetes and diabetes. Patients should be urged by their doctors to discuss all their treatment options to decide what is the best for them. This is referred to as shared decision-making and cancer can help to improve the patient experience.

This study was conceived to examine KCa patients' experiences with access to healthcare and knowledge of their treatment options with the goal of improving the quality of care provided by patients for this particular population. The survey was sent to KCC members as well as Urology clinics throughout Canada with the assistance of the KCC's Medical Advisory Board who provided input on the questionnaire wording.

Results

The prevalence of rccc was higher in the Indigenous Canadian cohort than in the non-Indigenous Canadian group, however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.36). The majority of patients (68%) had cT1-staged disease at the time of their clinical diagnosis. There were no signs of metastases. Renal surgery was carried out in 81 percent of Indigenous Canadian patients and 75 percent of non-Indigenous Canada patients, with 55% of these procedures being radical nephrectomy.

LDHA was significantly less expressed in the biopsy samples of the Indigenous Canadian cohort compared with the non-Indigenous Canadian group. This is in line with the role played by the ldha gene in rcc as a tumor-suppressor gene, and could contribute to a higher incidence of rcc among the Indigenous population.

The rates of the biopsy were comparable in both cohorts. In both cohorts there was a median time of 2.4 months was observed between the clinical diagnosis and the renal mass biopsy. The majority of the 134 kidney masses biopsied were ccRCC (75%) with papillary cancer in 10% and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in nine.

In 2017, kidney cancer accounted for 138.5 thousand deaths (95 percent UI = 128.7-142.5). The mortality rate for people of a certain age for kidney cancer in 2017 was 4.9 (95 percent UI: 4.7-5.1). This was significantly lower compared to the global age-standardised rate of 1.7 (UI: 1.6-1.8).

Conclusions

Kidney cancer is the 10th most common kind of cancer in the world, with an estimated 6600 new diagnoses and 1900 deaths in Canada in 2017. The majority of cases are renal cell carcinoma (rcc) which is a cancer which develops in kidney cells. Other types include renal sarcomas, Wilms tumour and the transitional cell carcinoma. Some rare genetic conditions such as Von Hippel-Lindau Disease, Sickle Cell Disease and cancer Tuberous Sclerosis Complex increase the risk of developing kidney cancer.

The etiology of the majority of kidney cancers is unknown and is believed to be multifactorial. Some of the risk factors identified are modifiable. Indigenous Canadians have been reported to experience higher incidences of rccc as compared to non-Indigenous Canadians. There isn't a lot of information on the differences in rccc treatment and the presentation of Indigenous patients.

To understand the obstacles faced by KCa patients to receiving quality healthcare, KCC conducted a patient-centered survey of the quality of care for KCa patients in Canada. The results of this first of the-kind survey conducted by patients provides valuable information about the quality and unique perspective of KCa survivors on their experiences with healthcare providers. KCC hopes to use this information in order to improve access to care for patients in Canada and improve their outcomes. Results show that the majority of participants had good or excellent access to their healthcare providers. Participants living in the Eastern region and Quebec, as well as those living in suburban or rural areas, were less likely to report having access to experts from the RCCS or treatment options.