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Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal Cancer is a fatal cancer that has one of lowest survival rates among cancers. The incidence of cancers varies based on the morphology and the anatomic location.

In Canada the incidence of EAC has increased by two-fold in the last 20 years. This may be due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. In the past, Settlement ESCC rates decreased.

Background

A rare type of cancer, esophageal-adenocarcinoma (EAC) has one of the fastest growing incidence rates and the lowest survival rates of any common malignancy in the Western world. EAC rates have increased by two-fold since the beginning of the 1990s in Canada. Squamous cell cancers of the esophagus have decreased, which is a result of a rise in obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

The prognosis for esophageal carcinoma is poor however, five-year relative survival has improved over the past two decades. This could be due the increased ability to detect and treat a tumor that is rapidly growing as well as the accessibility and effectiveness of the latest treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, as well as improvements in the selection and planning of patients.

The incidence rates and trends for EAC and ESCC differ based on the morphology of the tumour and anatomical location as well as the type of cancer. In Canada the rates of ESCC declined while those of EAC increased by a factor of two between 1986 and 2006. Projected incidence rates indicate that the rates of EAC will continue to increase and those of ESCC will decline, with a wide range of provinces displaying both increases and decreases.

Several factors influence the prognosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma, including its grade (how much the cells appear like normal tissue) and whether it is located in the lower, middle or upper esophagus. A pathologist determines the grade of a tumor by looking at the cells under microscope.

Methods

Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two major types of esophageal tumors. While incidence rates in Canada remain relatively low (compared with those of the United States, Australia, New Zealand and northern Europe), they have been rising over the last 20 years. The trends in incidence vary according to cancer morphology and location as well as anatomic location. Rates of EAC nearly doubling and ESCC declining from 1986 to.

The five-year survival rate for esophageal carcinoma is rather low and decreases with the age at which it is diagnosed. About 15% of those diagnosed suffer from a lower age than 45. Men are three-to-four times more likely to be afflicted.

A pathologist inspects cancerous cells using a microscope in order to determine the degree which is by the way they appear like normal cells. The higher the grade, the more likely the cancer will expand and spread. Your health care provider uses the process of grading in order to determine the best treatment option for your situation. The grade of the tumour also helps your health team plan follow-up treatment. Patients with a low grade tumour are less frequently monitored than those who have high grade tumours.

Results

Patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer have among the lowest survival rates among all cancers. In Canada, the five-year survival rate was 13% in comparison to 18 percent in 2006 for general population. Survival rates decrease as you age and sex when diagnosed but remain stable in the middle and upper sections of the esophagus. On the other hand, squamous cells carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) rates have declined from the early 1990s on both women and Canadian national railway Scleroderma men (Table 2). Alcohol and smoking can increase the risk of cancer in ESCC. This is the reason for 90 percent of cases. This decline may be due to lower smoking rates as well as the increasing prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (45).

The prevalence of adenocarcinoma as well as Squamous Cell Cancer of the lower esophagus have opposing trends in Canada, with EAC rates rising and ESCC decreasing from 1986 to 2006. The changes observed were projected up to 2026 using the standard cancer projection model Nordpred (23) and were further categorized by the anatomical type of the tumour and its morphology. Projections showed increases of 40% to 50 percent for esophageal adenocarcinoma, and a decrease of 30 percent to 50% for squamous cell cancer of the upper, middle and lower sections of the esophagus. The increase in EAC incidence could be due to higher prevalence of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease and Canadian national railway Asthma the declines in ESCC may be due to decreased tobacco use.

Conclusions

While the five-year survival rate for esophageal tumors remains low, injury it has increased little since the early 1990s, mainly in response to more precise staging through esophageal ultrasound and preresection staging with laparoscopy or by thoracoscopy biopsy of the celiac axis and less curvature. The majority of the growth is confined to those between 45 and 70. In this age group the rate of EAC nearly doubled. ESCC on the other side, has declined in both men and woman.

Smoking levels may have declined and could be the reason for the decrease in ESCC. Due to the low survival rates of esophageal cancer it is imperative to make efforts to reduce risk factors and canadian National railway scleroderma promote better treatment strategies.

All stage cancers of the esophageal tract can be resectable, as are the majority of stage 3 cancers that do not have developed to the trachea (windpipe) or the or canadian national railway scleroderma aorta (large blood vessel that comes from the heart) or spine. Most patients with advanced cancers that have been able to spread to these vital organs or lymph nodes that are distant are not candidates for surgery. These patients should receive chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy. Stage 4 esophageal tumors are not suitable for treatment using surgery, but may be treatable with medications that hinder cell growth or block canadian national railway pancreatic cancer cells from spreading.