공지사항

Esophageal Cancer (EAC) and Esophageal Sarcoma (ESCC) in Canada

Since the mid 1980s in the mid 1980s, rates of EAC have increased in Canada while ESCC has been declining. These opposite trends could be the result of the changing patterns of smoking cigarettes and diet, as well as other factors.

The five-year survival rate for canadian pacific cll patients diagnosed with esophageal tumor canadian pacific stomach cancer canadian pacific chronic obstructive pulmonary disease non hodgkins lymphoma (cn.posceramics.co.kr) is low (13%). The rates vary based on the morphology of the tumor and anatomic location.

Risk Factors

Esophageal Cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths across the globe. In 2017 there were 604,000 new cases, and 544,000 deaths. About 70% of cases occur in men, and canadian pacific Cll are more prevalent in older individuals. The rates of mortality and incidence differ by region. The most severe rates are found in Eastern Asia (especially China) while the lowest levels are in Western sub-Saharan Africa.

Overall, the global age-standardised incidence, mortality and DALY rates for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have been decreasing since 1990; however, this trend is not consistent across all countries/territories. These changes are due to the improved diagnosis and treatment however, they also reflect an evolving environment in the world, with an increase in exposure to smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol.

A number of other risk factors are also associated with the development of esophageal tumor (EAC). This includes an history of gastro-oesophageal disease, long-term cigarette or alcohol consumption, frequent smoking and poor canadian pacific rad oral health; a diet lacking in vegetables and fruits and being overweight. Other risk factors for EAC include a predisposition to EAC that is genetic or the presence of Barrett's esophagus.

The specific esophageal cancer-related DALY is calculated using the incidence and prevalence rates at the national level and a weighting factor specific to the disease in order to estimate the specific disability caused by sequelae. For more information, go to the Methodology Section in the Technical Report.

Diagnosis

The rates of survival and incidence of esophageal cancer are low. In Canada the five-year relative survival rate is 13%. This is among the lowest survival rates for any cancer.

Esophageal cancers fall into two categories: esophageal carcinomas (ESCC) or esophageal adenocarcinomas. Typically, tumors that are located in the upper portion of the esophagus is thought to be squamous cells and those located in the lower part of the esophagus may be adenocarcinomas. A biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis. The procedure used for this is called an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. It involves the passing of a flexible tube containing an illuminated camera and a light down the throat in order to view the wall of the esophageal. The biopsy is then taken from the lesion and tested for malignancy.

Rates of esophageal cancer have been steady in Canada since the mid-1980s, with rates for EAC slightly higher than those for ESCC. From 1986 to 2006, the rate of EAC increased by two-thirds while ESCC decreased by one-third. The rise in the frequency of EAC could be due to an increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease as well as obesity. The decline in ESCC is most likely the result of decreased smoking.

Incidence and survival patterns differ across the country, based on the morphology of the tumour and its anatomical location. For instance, EAC rates have increased significantly in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, while ESCC rates have decreased.

Treatment

The cancer could be in the cells' outer layer (squamous cell carcinoma) or in connective tissue and canadian pacific cll muscle on the inside (esophageal squamous cancer). These kinds of cancers can be cured with surgery. If the cancer has spread to adjacent tissues and lymph nodes, it can be more difficult to cure. Endoscopic ablation and radiation therapy are two options for those with stage II esophageal carcinoma. They must be carefully monitored with endoscopy to detect any indications that the cancer could become recurrent.

Chemotherapy employs drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. The drugs can be taken by mouth or placed into a vein, or muscle. They can be given with or without radiation. When chemotherapy is combined with radiation the treatment is known as chemotherapy radiotherapy.

A tube made of plastic may be put into the esophagus, to keep it open during radiation treatment. This is known as a gastostomy tube. It is crucial to keep your esophagus open, as swallowing could cause pneumonia.

Targeted therapy is a method of treatment which uses drugs to target specific cancer cells, which can reduce the side effects from chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The medicines include monoclonal antibodies and other medications. Clinical trials are underway to find new ways to treat Esophageal cancer.