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Esophageal Cancer (EAC) and Esophageal Sarcoma (ESCC) in Canada

Since the mid-1980s, EAC rates have increased in Canada while ESCC rates have declined. These opposing trends could reflect changes in the patterns of smoking cigarettes and Railroad Worker diet, as well as other factors.

Five-year relative survival of patients diagnosed with esophageal tumors is low (13%). The rates vary based on the morphology of the tumor and the anatomic site.

Risk Factors

Esophageal canadian pacific bladder cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and has been responsible for more than 604,000 new cases and 544,000 deaths in 2017. Around 70 percent of cases occur in men and are generally more prevalent in older individuals. The rate of mortality and incidence vary depending on the region. The highest rates are found in Eastern Asia (especially China) and the lowest are found in Western sub-Saharan Africa.

Overall, the global age-standardised incidence, Canadian Pacific Aplastic Anemia mortality and DALY rates for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have been decreasing since 1990; however, this trend is not consistent across all countries/territories. These changes are in part due to better treatment and detection, but also reflect a changing global environment with an increase in exposure to tobacco smoking and drinking alcohol.

Additionally, Canadian Pacific Aplastic Anemia a variety of risk factors can be linked to the development of esophageal-adenocarcinoma (EAC). This includes the presence of a history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, long-term cigarette or alcohol consumption, frequent chewing of tobacco, poor oral health; a diet low in vegetables and fruits and being overweight. A hereditary predisposition and Barrett's Esophagus can also be potential risk factors.

The esophageal cancer-specific DALY rate is calculated using the country-level prevalence and incidence rates as well as an individual weighting factor for each disease to determine sequelae-specific disabilities (YLDs). For more information, canadian pacific pulmonary fibrosis please go to the Methodology Section in the Technical Report.

Diagnosis

The rate of incidence and survival of esophageal carcinoma are extremely low. In Canada the five-year relative survival is 13%. This is the lowest survival rate.

Esophageal cancers are classified into two categories: esophageal Squamous-cell carcinomas (ESCC) or esophageal Adenocarcinomas. The tumors that are located within the upper portion of the esophagus could be classified as squamous-cell cancers, while those that are located in the lower region of the esophagus are adenocarcinomas. A biopsy is typically required to confirm the diagnosis. The procedure used for this is called an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. It involves passing a flexible camera-equipped tube through the throat in order to examine the esophageal walls. The biopsy is taken from the lesion, and then tested for malignancy.

Rates of esophageal canadian pacific stomach cancer have been stable in Canada since the mid-1980s with the rates for EAC slightly higher than those for ESCC. From 1986 to 2006, canadian pacific colon cancer the prevalence of EAC increased by two-thirds while ESCC decreased by a third. The rise in EAC could be due to obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The decline in ESCC is likely a result of declines in smoking.

The incidence and survival patterns vary across the country depending on the morphology of the tumor, anatomical location and other factors. For example, EAC rates have increased significantly in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, whereas ESCC rates have decreased.

Treatment

The cancer may be found in the cells' outer layer (squamous cell carcinoma) or in connective tissue and muscle on the inside (esophageal squamous tumor). These types of cancers are usually able to be treated with surgery. If the cancer has spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes, it's more difficult to cure. People with stage II esophageal cancer can be treated with endoscopic ablation or radiation therapy. They must be closely monitored by endoscopy for any signs that the cancer may return.

Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop cancer cells from growing or killing them. The drugs can either be administered orally, or directly into a muscle, vein or vein. They can be administered without or with radiation. When chemotherapy is administered using radiation, it's known as chemotherapy therapy.

A tube made of plastic can be placed in the esophagus to keep it open during radiation treatment. This is called a gastrostomy tube. It is vital to keep the esophagus in good condition because swallowing may help to prevent pneumonia.

Targeted Therapy is a treatment that makes use of drugs to target specific cancer cells, while reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These treatments can comprise monoclonal antibody as well as other medications. There are currently clinical trials in progress to discover new treatments for cancers of the esophagus.